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      <ResourceName>Repository of the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy</ResourceName>
      <ReleaseDate>2024-05-01T00:00:00Z</ReleaseDate>
      <Description>
        Data portal of the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy registered in re3data.org under identifier r3d100014360.
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        <PersonID>spase://r3d100014360/Person/Data-Contact</PersonID>
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      <InformationURL>
        <Name>About</Name>
        <URL>https://aeronomie.be/en/observational-model-data-from-BIRA-IASB</URL>
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      <URL>https://data.aeronomie.be/dataset/</URL>
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    <OrganizationName>Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy</OrganizationName>
    <Email>data-contact@aeronomie.be</Email>
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  <Person>
    <ResourceID>spase://r3d100014360/Person/Michel.Kruglanski</ResourceID>
    <PersonName>Michel Kruglanski</PersonName>
    <OrganizationName>Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy</OrganizationName>
    <Email>michel.kruglanski@aeronomie.be</Email>
  </Person>
  <NumericalData>
    <ResourceID>spase://r3d100014360/NumericalData/40t59lob/dataset_azur_ei_88</ResourceID>
    <ResourceHeader>
      <ResourceName>
        AZUR/EI-88: Medium-energy low-altitude trapped proton and alpha-particle data (1969–1970)
      </ResourceName>
      <DOI>https://doi.org/10.18758/40t59lob</DOI>
      <ReleaseDate>2026-08-26T00:00:00Z</ReleaseDate>
      <Description><![CDATA[
## AZUR

The magnetically aligned spacecraft AZUR (also called GRS-A), launched into a near-polar orbit on 08 Nov 1969, was a product of a joint effort by NASA-GSFC and the German _Bundesministerium fuer Wissenschaftliche Forschung_ (BMWF) and had as its primary purpose the acquisition of terrestrial radiation belt data.  The instrument complement included detectors to measure the directional and omnidirectional fluxes of protons and electrons. These instruments and the high quality of the resulting measurements made the AZUR mission particularly well suited for the study of the trapped radiation environment, despite the short duration of the mission. 

## Experiment EI-88

The energetic proton measurements, which were collected during the maximum of Solar Cycle 20, were the basis for the low altitude part of the NASA model AP-8 MAX [Sawyer & Vette, 1976].   The payload consisted of seven instruments. Descriptions of each instrument package can be found in [Achtermann et al., 1970] (see also [Hovestadt et al., 1972]).  The EI-88 experiment consisted of two identical proton-alpha particle telescopes, one oriented perpendicular and one oriented at 45 degrees with respect to the local magnetic field vector. In the northern hemisphere, the 45 degree telescope pointed upwards. The telescopes detected protons and alpha particles in the Earth's trapping region. Unfortunately, the data gathered after 5 March 1970 have been lost.

__Principal Investigator__: D.K. Hovestadt, Max Planck Institut fuer Extra-Terrestrische Physik

## Dataset

In the framework of the ESA/ESTEC [TREND-2] study, D. Heynderickx restored the data from the original NSSDC magnetic tapes [69-097A-02A,04A], performed detailed data checks and removed bad and suspicious data records. In the framework of the ESA/ESTEC [TREND-3] study, magnetic parameters were computed using [UNILIB].

## Acknowledgment

* National Space Science Data Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
* D.K. Hovestadt, Max Planck Institut fuer Extra-Terrestrische Physik
* ESA/ESTEC TREND studies




[TREND-2]: <https://doi.org/10.18758/A_393> "TREND-2 Trapped Radiation Environment Model Development - Final Report, Aeronomica Acta, Issue 393, 1995, J. Lemaire, A.D. Johnstone, D. Heynderickx, D.J. Rodgers, S. Szita, V. Pierrard"

[TREND-3]: <https://orfeo.belnet.be/handle/internal/6606> "TREND-3 Radiation Environments of Astronomy Missions and LEO Missions - Final Report, 1998, J. Lemaire, D. Heynderickx, M. Kruglanski, A.D. Johnstone, D.J. Rodgers, S. Szita, G. Jones, E. Keppler, R. Friedel, G. Loidl"

[Achtermann et al., 1970]: <https://julib.fz-juelich.de/vufind/Record/64778> "Die Experimente EI 88 und EI 93 zur Messung von energiereichen Elektronen, Protonen und Alphateilchen im Satelliten AZUR: Physikalische Eigenschaften und Testmessungen, E. Achtermann, B. Häusler, D. Hovestadt, G. Paschmann, E. Künneth, P. Laeverenz, 1970, BMBW-FBW 70-67, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft Forschungsbericht (ISSN 0170-6144)."

[Hovestadt et al., 1972]: <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2896-7_11> "New Observations of the Proton Population of the Radiation Belt Between 1.5 and 104 Mev., D. Hovestadt, E. Achtermann, B. Ebel, B. Häusler, G. Paschmann, 1972, in McCormac, B.M. (eds) Earth’s Magnetospheric Processes. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 32. Springer"

[69-097A-02A,04A]: <https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/azur/proton-electron_detector/particle_count_rates/grs-a_count-rates_69-097a-02a-04a_DSC_0244.pdf> "NSSDC, Tape 69-097A-02A,04A, GRS-A Particle Count Rates"

[Sawyer & Vette, 1976]: <https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770012039> "AP-8 trapped proton environment for solar maximum and solar minimum, D.M. Sawyer, J.I. Vette, December 1976, Report NSSDC/WDC-A-R/S-76-06, NSSDC"

[UNILIB]: <https://orfeo.belnet.be/handle/internal/6593> "TREND-3 Technical Note 10: UNIRAD Improvements and Subroutine Library, D. Heynderickx, M. Kruglanski, 1998"

      ]]></Description>
      <Acknowledgement>
        Dataset generated in the framework of the ESA/ESTEC TREND-2 and TREND-3 studies (contract No 9828/92/NL/FM and 11711/95/NL/JG)
      </Acknowledgement>

      <Contact>
        <PersonID>spase://r3d100014360/Person/Michel.Kruglanski</PersonID>
        <Role>DataProducer</Role>
      </Contact>
    </ResourceHeader>
    <AccessInformation>
      <RepositoryID>spase://r3d100014360/Repository/data.aeronomie.be/dataset</RepositoryID>
      <Availability>Online</Availability>
      <AccessRights>Open</AccessRights>
      <RightsList>
        <Rights>
          <RightsURI>https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html</RightsURI>
        </Rights>
      </RightsList>
      <AccessURL>
        <Name>Dataset AZUR/EI-88</Name>
        <URL>https://data.aeronomie.be/dataset/c6e07f22-b7b9-421c-858c-d3c991ffe6f7/resource/11fbc968-897f-42df-bd9c-ec1ea140c6ec/download/dataset_azur_ei_88.csv</URL>
      </AccessURL>
      <AccessURL>
        <Name>DOI</Name>
        <URL>https://doi.org/10.18758/40t59lob</URL>
      </AccessURL>
      <Format>CSV</Format>
      <Encoding>None</Encoding>
      <DataExtent>
        <Quantity>230974</Quantity>
        <Units>Records</Units>
      </DataExtent>
    </AccessInformation>

    <ProcessingLevel>Calibrated</ProcessingLevel>

    <MeasurementType>EnergeticParticles</MeasurementType>
    <MeasurementType>MagneticField</MeasurementType>
    <MeasurementType>Ephemeris</MeasurementType>

    <TemporalDescription>
      <TimeSpan>
        <StartDate>1969-11-16T13:26:53.376Z</StartDate>
        <StopDate>1970-03-15T00:02:39.026Z</StopDate>
      </TimeSpan>
      <Cadence>PT10S</Cadence>
    </TemporalDescription>

    <ObservedRegion>Earth.Magnetosphere</ObservedRegion>
    <ObservedRegion>Earth.Magnetosphere.RadiationBelt</ObservedRegion>

    <Caveats><![CDATA[
The file includes 230,974 records and one header lines. 
Each record includes 35 fields.
Missing data are stored as empty (blank) fields.

Magnetic field related coordinates computed with UNILIB for both 
telescopes using a combination of the International Geomagnetic 
Reference Field (IGRF) and the Olson &amp; Pfitzer quiet external 
magnetic field.

Re = 6371.2 km.
    ]]></Caveats>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>cdf_epoch</Name>
      <ParameterKey>cdf_epoch</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        CDF Epoch, milliseconds since year 0 (proleptic Gregorian calendar
        with astronomical year numbering).
      </Description>
      <Units>ms</Units>
      <Support>
        <SupportQuantity>Temporal</SupportQuantity>
      </Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>epoch</Name>
      <ParameterKey>epoch</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Epoch in RFC 3339 format.</Description>
      <Support>
        <SupportQuantity>Temporal</SupportQuantity>
      </Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>quality</Name>
      <ParameterKey>quality</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Original data quality flag (0: good; 1: average; 2: bad).</Description>
      <Support>
        <SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity>
      </Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>position_gei</Name>
      <ParameterKey>position_gei</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        Satellite position in Geocentric Equatorial Inertial (GEI) Cartesian coordinates
        (x, y, z), in km.
      </Description>
      <Units>km</Units>
      <CoordinateSystem>
        <CoordinateRepresentation>Cartesian</CoordinateRepresentation>
        <CoordinateSystemName>GEI</CoordinateSystemName>
      </CoordinateSystem>
      <Structure>
        <Size>3</Size>
        <Description>Cartesian components X, Y, Z</Description>
        <Element>
          <Name>X</Name>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <ParameterKey>position_gei_x</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>Y</Name>
          <Index>2</Index>
          <ParameterKey>position_gei_y</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>Z</Name>
          <Index>3</Index>
          <ParameterKey>position_gei_z</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
      </Structure>
      <Support>
        <SupportQuantity>Positional</SupportQuantity>
      </Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>b_meas</Name>
      <ParameterKey>b_meas</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Measured magnetic field components (Bx, By, Bz), in Gauss.</Description>
      <Units>G</Units>
      <UnitsConversion>1.0e-4&gt;T</UnitsConversion>
      <Structure>
        <Size>3</Size>
        <Description>Cartesian components</Description>
        <Element>
          <Name>Bx</Name>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <ParameterKey>b_meas_bx</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>By</Name>
          <Index>2</Index>
          <ParameterKey>b_meas_by</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>Bz</Name>
          <Index>3</Index>
          <ParameterKey>b_meas_bz</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
      </Structure>
      <Field>
        <Qualifier>Vector</Qualifier>
        <FieldQuantity>Magnetic</FieldQuantity>
      </Field>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>fpdu_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>fpdu_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        Differential directional proton fluxes measured by the telescope oriented
        perpendicular to the local magnetic field vector, six energy channels.
      </Description>
      <Units>cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} MeV^{-1}</Units>
      <Structure>
        <Size>6</Size>
        <Element>
          <Name>1.5-2.7 MeV</Name>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_1.5-2.7</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>2.7-5.2 MeV</Name>
          <Index>2</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_2.7-5.2</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>5.2-10.4 MeV</Name>
          <Index>3</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_5.2-10.4</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>10.4-22.0 MeV</Name>
          <Index>4</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_10.4-22.0</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>22.4-48.8 MeV</Name>
          <Index>5</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_22.4-48.8</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>48.8-104.0 MeV</Name>
          <Index>6</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_1_48.8-104.0</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
      </Structure>
      <Particle>
        <ParticleType>Proton</ParticleType>
        <Qualifier>Differential</Qualifier>
        <Qualifier>Directional</Qualifier>
        <ParticleQuantity>NumberFlux</ParticleQuantity>
        <EnergyRange>
          <Low>1.5</Low>
          <High>104.0</High>
          <Units>MeV</Units>
          <Bin><BandName>1.5-2.7</BandName><Low>1.5</Low><High>2.7</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>2.7-5.2</BandName><Low>2.7</Low><High>5.2</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>5.2-10.4</BandName><Low>5.2</Low><High>10.4</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>10.4-22.0</BandName><Low>10.4</Low><High>22.0</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>22.4-48.8</BandName><Low>22.4</Low><High>48.8</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>48.8-104.0</BandName><Low>48.8</Low><High>104.0</High></Bin>
        </EnergyRange>
      </Particle>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>fpdu_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>fpdu_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        Differential directional proton fluxes measured by the telescope oriented at 45°
        to the local magnetic field (northern hemisphere, telescope pointed upwards),
        six energy channels.
      </Description>
      <Units>cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} MeV^{-1}</Units>
      <Structure>
        <Size>6</Size>
        <Element>
          <Name>1.5-2.7 MeV</Name>
          <Index>1</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_1.5-2.7</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>2.7-5.2 MeV</Name>
          <Index>2</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_2.7-5.2</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>5.2-10.4 MeV</Name>
          <Index>3</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_5.2-10.4</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>10.4-22.0 MeV</Name>
          <Index>4</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_10.4-22.0</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>22.4-48.8 MeV</Name>
          <Index>5</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_22.4-48.8</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
        <Element>
          <Name>48.8-104.0 MeV</Name>
          <Index>6</Index>
          <ParameterKey>fpdu_2_48.8-104.0</ParameterKey>
        </Element>
      </Structure>
      <Particle>
        <ParticleType>Proton</ParticleType>
        <Qualifier>Differential</Qualifier>
        <Qualifier>Directional</Qualifier>
        <ParticleQuantity>NumberFlux</ParticleQuantity>
        <EnergyRange>
          <Low>1.5</Low>
          <High>104.0</High>
          <Units>MeV</Units>
          <Bin><BandName>1.5-2.7</BandName><Low>1.5</Low><High>2.7</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>2.7-5.2</BandName><Low>2.7</Low><High>5.2</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>5.2-10.4</BandName><Low>5.2</Low><High>10.4</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>10.4-22.0</BandName><Low>10.4</Low><High>22.0</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>22.4-48.8</BandName><Low>22.4</Low><High>48.8</High></Bin>
          <Bin><BandName>48.8-104.0</BandName><Low>48.8</Low><High>104.0</High></Bin>
        </EnergyRange>
      </Particle>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>fadu_1_6.0-19.0</Name>
      <ParameterKey>fadu_1_6.0-19.0</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        Differential directional alpha flux measured by the 90° telescope,
        energy range 6.0–19.0 MeV.
      </Description>
      <Units>cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} MeV^{-1}</Units>
      <Particle>
        <ParticleType>AlphaParticle</ParticleType>
        <Qualifier>Differential</Qualifier>
        <Qualifier>Directional</Qualifier>
        <ParticleQuantity>NumberFlux</ParticleQuantity>
        <EnergyRange>
          <Low>6.0</Low>
          <High>19.0</High>
          <Units>MeV</Units>
        </EnergyRange>
      </Particle>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>fadu_2_6.0-19.0</Name>
      <ParameterKey>fadu_2_6.0-19.0</ParameterKey>
      <Description>
        Differential directional alpha flux measured by the 45° telescope,
        energy range 6.0–19.0 MeV.
      </Description>
      <Units>cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} MeV^{-1}</Units>
      <Particle>
        <ParticleType>AlphaParticle</ParticleType>
        <Qualifier>Differential</Qualifier>
        <Qualifier>Directional</Qualifier>
        <ParticleQuantity>NumberFlux</ParticleQuantity>
        <EnergyRange>
          <Low>6.0</Low>
          <High>19.0</High>
          <Units>MeV</Units>
        </EnergyRange>
      </Particle>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_bm_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_bm_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Magnetic field intensity Bm at the mirror point (90° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>nT</Units>
      <Field><Qualifier>Magnitude</Qualifier><FieldQuantity>Magnetic</FieldQuantity></Field>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_bm_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_bm_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Magnetic field intensity Bm at the mirror point (45° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>nT</Units>
      <Field><Qualifier>Magnitude</Qualifier><FieldQuantity>Magnetic</FieldQuantity></Field>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_i_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_i_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Integral invariant I (90° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_i_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_i_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Integral invariant I (45° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_l_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_l_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>McIlwain L-parameter (90° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_l_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_l_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>McIlwain L-parameter (45° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_l_star_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_l_star_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Roederer L* (90° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_l_star_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_l_star_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Roederer L* (45° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>Re</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_alpha_eq_1</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_alpha_eq_1</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Equatorial pitch angle (90° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>deg</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_alpha_eq_2</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_alpha_eq_2</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Equatorial pitch angle (45° telescope), UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>deg</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_b_eq</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_b_eq</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Equatorial magnetic field strength, UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>nT</Units>
      <Field><Qualifier>Magnitude</Qualifier><FieldQuantity>Magnetic</FieldQuantity></Field>
    </Parameter>

    <Parameter>
      <Name>unilib_mlt</Name>
      <ParameterKey>unilib_mlt</ParameterKey>
      <Description>Magnetic Local Time, UNILIB.</Description>
      <Units>h</Units>
      <Support><SupportQuantity>Other</SupportQuantity></Support>
    </Parameter>

  </NumericalData>
</Spase>